CNC Router: Difference between revisions

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(outsourced machine specifics to "WorkBee" and "Kress CNC", which will also be defined as CNC Mill from now on (see #267))
 
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A CNC router is a computerized [[woodworking]] machine - basically a [[router]] mounted on a positioning system. While it may also be able to handle other materials than wood depending on the [[bits]] you use, a proper [[CNC Mill|CNC mill]] is more precise for machining parts out of metals and other non-wood materials.
A CNC router is a computerized [[woodworking]] machine - basically a [[router]] mounted on a positioning system. While it may also be able to handle other materials than wood depending on the [[bits]] you use, a proper [[CNC Mill|CNC mill]] is more precise for machining parts out of metals and other non-wood materials.


To use this machine, you need to familiarize yourself with at least two pieces of software:
To use this type of machine, you need to familiarize yourself with at least two pieces of software:
* a [[CAD]]/[[CAM]] program (e.g. [[Fusion 360]])
* a [[CAD]]/[[CAM]] program (e.g. [[Fusion 360]])
** may also be two different programs, one for CAD and one for CAM
** may also be two different programs, one for CAD and one for CAM
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You can [https://www.opendesk.cc/ make furniture] or even [https://wikihouse.cc/ build a house]. For more ideas, check out the [[CNC Milling Ideas]].
You can [https://www.opendesk.cc/ make furniture] or even [https://wikihouse.cc/ build a house]. For more ideas, check out the [[CNC Milling Ideas]].


== WorkBee ==
{{MachineInclusion}}
{{MachineInfoBox
|machine name=Ooznest WorkBee CNC
|image=Workbee frame.JPG
|synonyms=DE: CNC-Fräse, Portalfräsmaschine
|type=
|material=[[wood]]
|location=[[CNC Room|CNC room]]
|access=upon [[CNC Router Introduction|introduction]]
|status=under construction (see [https://github.com/comakingspace/do-something/issues/8 issue #8])
|firmware=[[grbl]]
|software=[[LaserWeb]], [[Fusion360]], see [[G-Code Sender]]
|manual=[http://ooznest.co.uk/WorkBee-CNC-Full-Kit product page], click "documentation" tab
|tutors=[[User:Pakue|Patrick]]
|used with=6 mm, 8 mm, 1/4" or 1/8" [[End Mills|end mills]];<br>''some'' kinds of [[Router Bits|router bits]]
|similar=[[router]], [[CNC Mill|CNC mill]]
}}


We built the 1500mm x 1500mm version of the [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2538752 WorkBee CNC], which is based on the Openbuilds OX. It can currently cut sheet material of up to 20 mm thickness on a work area of approximately 1250{{x}}1250 mm.
==Tips & Tricks == 
*to avoid tear-out at the edge of a sensitive workpiece, it may be worthwhile to surround it with some sacrificial material (like [[MDF]]) before routing <sup>[https://www.instagram.com/p/BW7hYEjFxP0/]</sup>


Details on setting it up can be found in [https://github.com/comakingspace/do-something/issues/8 issue #8] - maybe you would like to help?
==Materials==
(''For more details, see "[[Milling Experiences]]")''


=== Router ===
CNC routing is most appropriate for non-metal panels/boards. The exact material might dictate your choice of [[endmill]] or [[Router Bit|router bit]]!


The router mounted to it is a Dewalt D26200 (GB). You need to consider the sizes of its collets (''Spannzangen'') when buying your router bits.
Cutting certain metals, e.g. millable aluminum, may still be possible with a lot of extra work, but a rigid and liquid-cooled [[CNC Mill|CNC mill]] would be the proper way to go.


* no-load speed: 16000 - 27000 rpm
=== Carbon Fiber===
* max cutter diameter: 30 mm
* available collet diameters:
** 6 mm
** 8 mm
** 1/4 inch (6.35 mm)
** 1/8 inch (3.175 mm)


The collets of the DW613, DW620 and DW621 also fit the router and are easier to get in Germany than the original ones.
[[Material:Carbon Fiber|Carbon fiber]] (CF) dust can be harmful if handled improperly. If you intent to route CF parts on the CNC (like plates for quardrocopter parts) please follow the workflow below:


=== G-Code Sender ===
*Route carbon fiber only in a submerge water path e.g. in a large enough tray (keep enough towels near in case of an 'accident') 
**Afterwards filter the water through a coffee filter or similar
*Don't vacuum the dust - instead, wipe it away with a moist towel or use some tape to pick it up
*Only wet sanding
*Keep the parts that came into contact with the carbon fiber dust in a sealed plastic bag until they are discarded
*Discard the remains at a local special waste disposal and don't put them in the garbage!


After creating the tool paths in a suitable CAM software (e.g. [[Fusion 360]]) they need to be sent to the router in real time via the serial interface (USB). <br />
==Helpful Links==
Our experiences can be found on: [[G-Code Sender]]
*video tutorials:
**[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXagoO_ru-R7ZrK_KgMQm-w/# Ooznest YouTube channel] (pretty new, but specific to our "WorkBee" setup)
**[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqnvzxuXFTQ Fusion 360 CAM Tutorial for Beginners] by Evan & Katelyn (insert our preferred [[G-Code Senders|G-code sender]] where they use Easel)
*other spaces with (somewhat) similar machines and good approaches/documentation:
**[https://wiki.attraktor.org/CNC-Fr%C3%A4se-III Attraktor e.V.]


<br clear=all>
*our page on choosing the proper [[feedrate]]


== Tips & Tricks ==
[[Category:CNC Routing]]
* to avoid tear-out at the edge of a sensitive workpiece, it may be worthwhile to surround it with some sacrificial material (like [[MDF]]) before routing <sup>[https://www.instagram.com/p/BW7hYEjFxP0/]</sup>
 
=== Spoiler board ===
 
Ooznest recommends a 6mm spoiler board, our first one is 20mm thick. It is mounted to the frame using 4 drop-in [[T-Slot Nuts|T-slot nuts]]. Cutting into the boards will make it uneven, from time to time it is neccessary to [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xav1uvCN6yY surface the spoiler board] again.
 
== Materials ==
=== Aluminum ===
With a lot of patience an the correct bits possible but check if it's millable aluminum
* differnt alloys of containing Cu, Si, Pb
 
==== Bits ====
maximum two cutting sides
carbide is more rigid than HSS and advised by some online guides
Tested 4mm 2-sided pointy-end bit with acceptable success
 
==== RPM, Speeds, etc. ====
Values are only the tested ones, faster CAN be possible as well
* slow RPM: 16 000 is our minimum but e.g. for a 4mm bit, 6000 RPM would be better 
* Schnittvorschub: max.100 mm/min
* Einfahrvorschub: 15-20 mm/min
* Ausfahrvorschub:can be 1000 mm/min
* Helixvorschub: 15-25 mm/min
* Eintauchvorschub: 15 mm/min
* Depths: 0.25mm per pass
 
Milling directions (to be tested): Conventional/Up-Cut (Gleichlauf) milling milling for the basic different passes with a finish using Climb-milling/Down-Cut milling (= Gegenlauf)
 
===== Cooling =====
Not yet tested
* any sort of lubricant or coolant will increase the efficiency of aluminum milling
** there are suggestions ranging from cutting fluid over WD-40 to candle wax for lubing
** As coolant, a water or alcohol mist seems unsuitable with our pressboard
*** instead, using the air compressor might be a possiblity
 
=== POM/Acetal/Delrin ===
 
==== Bits ====
tested with 2 and 3 sided HSS Bits 4mm-6mm but no indication against any other diameters
 
==== RPM, Speeds, etc. ====
Spindle on level 1 (=16 000rpm)
* Schnittvorschub: 500mm/min +
* Einfahrvorschub: 500mm/min +
* Ausfahrvorschub: 500mm/min +
* Helixvorschub:  200mm/min +
* Eintauchvorschub: 30mm/min
* Depths: 2-3mm
Strongly advise a horizontal Rohteilaufmaß and a final finishing cut to remove any "layer" marks.
 
==== Cooling ====
Not neccessary with the current settings but might increase the cutting speeds drastically
 
== Helpful Links ==
* video tutorials:
** [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXagoO_ru-R7ZrK_KgMQm-w/# Ooznest YouTube channel] (pretty new, but specific to our setup
* other spaces with (somewhat) similar machines and good approaches/documentation:
** [https://wiki.attraktor.org/CNC-Fr%C3%A4se-III Attraktor e.V.]
* Feeds and Speeds Calculator
** [https://www.cnccookbook.com/cnc-feed-rate-calculator/?utm_expid=2217679-286.T2DFl_2WR5Ol3H85sYpQhQ.0&utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.de%2F cnccookbook 2 calculators]
 
[[Category:CNC]]
[[Category:Woodworking]]
[[Category:Woodworking]]

Latest revision as of 12:54, 6 September 2022

CNC router.gif

A CNC router is a computerized woodworking machine - basically a router mounted on a positioning system. While it may also be able to handle other materials than wood depending on the bits you use, a proper CNC mill is more precise for machining parts out of metals and other non-wood materials.

To use this type of machine, you need to familiarize yourself with at least two pieces of software:

There is also an interesting new approach of handheld CNC routing coming out which may remove the size constraints that come with any fixed-frame machine.

Uses

You can make furniture or even build a house. For more ideas, check out the CNC Milling Ideas.


WorkBee

MachineInfoBox

Ooznest WorkBee CNC

Ooznest WorkBee CNC.JPG
Synonyms: DE: CNC-Fräse, CNC-Plattenfräse, Portalfräsmaschine
Type: CNC Router
Material: wood
Used with: 6 mm, 8 mm, 1/4" or 1/8" end mills;
some kinds of router bits
Location: CNC area
Access Requirements: CNC Router Introduction
Status: [[Has InfoBox Status::broken]]
Firmware: grbl
Software: LaserWeb, Fusion360, see G-Code Sender
Manual: product page, click "documentation" tab
Tutors: NitramLegov
Pakue
Johannes
Luzian
Similar (More or Less): router, CNC mill




Currently defective due to a buggy/broken controller board! See Issue #307

We built the 1500mm x 1500mm version of the WorkBee CNC router, which is based on the Openbuilds OX. It can currently cut sheet material of up to 50 mm thickness on a work area of approximately 1250 × 1250 mm. The surfaced (plangefräste) spoilboard area is 1260 × 1160 (x × y) mm.

Our plans for further improving it up can be found in our "WorkBee CNC" github project - maybe you would like to help?

Fusion Setup

Please make sure you add the machine setup to Fusion 360.

Router

The router mounted to it is a Dewalt D26200 (GB; known outside Europe as DWP611). You need to consider the sizes of its collets (Spannzangen) when buying your router bits.

  • no-load speed: 16000 - 27000 rpm
  • max cutter diameter: 30 mm
  • available collet diameters:
    • 8 mm
    • 6 mm
    • 1/4 inch (6.35 mm)
    • 1/8 inch (3.175 mm)

The collets of the DW613, DW620 and DW621 also fit the router and are easier to get in Germany than the original ones.

Spoilboard

Ooznest recommends a 6mm spoiler board, our first one is 20mm thick. It is mounted to the frame using 4 drop-in T-slot nuts. Cutting into the boards will make it uneven, from time to time it is neccessary to surface the spoiler board again.

The total size of the spoilboard is currently 1445 × 1370 mm.

When there is time, we would like to drill workholding holes into the spoilboard.

Electrics

(partially outdated - no dedicated CNC room since 2020!)

The spindle and the CNC controller (CNC xPro v3) + motors are hooked up to an electrical box on the left wall. You'll find a switch and an outlet for the spindle there. In case of an emergency the whole box can be shut off via one of the two emergency stops (inside the CNC room and on the outside above the access control). Everything except the Raspberry Pi will be turned off in that case.

The wiring of the CNC Controller board is as follows:
CNC Router Wiring.jpg

The wiring of the electrical box is as follows:
CNC Router Power Supply.png

Dust Extraction

We have added a cyclone dust separator between the shop vac and the CNC router itself. Thereby, the bulk of the shavings and dust should be collected in an easily emptied box rather than the shop vac's bag.

The part that attaches the dust extraction hose to the router is called a "dust shoe". We are currently using this one designed by Patrick. The next version should ideally fit the dust extraction hose without an adapter and include a kind of transparent, flexible "skirt" to optimize the airflow.

Other interesting designs:

Workflow

This is just an overview and does NOT replace the personal introduction!

  1. create the tool paths in a suitable CAM software (e.g. Fusion 360)
  2. secure your workpiece on the machine's bed
  3. insert the appropriate collet & bit as defined in your tool paths
  4. turn the positioning motors on, home the machine and define the workpiece origin
  5. put on personal protection and turn the spindle on
  6. send the tool paths to the router in real time via the serial interface (USB)
    1. options can be found under "G-Code Senders"


EleksMill

MachineInfoBox

EleksMill

EleksMill.jpg
Synonyms: DE: CNC-Fräse
Type: CNC Router
Material: just foam for now
Used with: 1/8" endmills
Location: 3D Printing Area
Access Requirements: CNC Router Introduction
Status: working out initial problems
Software: CAD/CAM software (e.g. Fusion 360); G-code sender
Tutors: NitramLegov
Pakue
Johannes
Luzian
Similar (More or Less): CNC router




Mitja brought his "EleksMill" CNC router into our Space - it's small, but great for learning the basics of CNC Routing/routing as it shares the same workflow as the large WorkBee.

routing a piece of styrofoam

Important Facts

  • 130 × 90 × 40 mm working range (less Z freedom depending on the length of your endmill!)
  • there are no endstops
    • manually home the mill before a job
    • you should use the (X/Y center, Z surface) as your origin
    • make sure the size of your part does not exceed the working range!
  • motor speed: ???
  • compatible shaft diameter: 1/8" (3.175 mm)
  • controlled like the CNC router (Fusion 360 or similar CAD/CAM software; G-code sender)
    • connection via USB - bring your own laptop!

Workholding

The mill has a 150 × 98 mm bed containing of 4 T-slots. clamping claws or similar workholders can be attached to it using M5 screws.

The current solution is not ideal, but many the workholding options for our larger CNC router should also be suitable if scaled down.

TO DO

  • figure out motor speed to calculate proper feedrates
  • what else?

Past Issues

  • screws/nuts used to come loose due to vibrations
    • fixed with loctite or counternuts (where possible)
  • Z axis used to be too hard to turn => mill drifted deeper and deeper into the workpiece as upwards movements failed but downward movements were still possible
    • was caused by a faulty spring



Tips & Tricks

  • to avoid tear-out at the edge of a sensitive workpiece, it may be worthwhile to surround it with some sacrificial material (like MDF) before routing [1]

Materials

(For more details, see "Milling Experiences")

CNC routing is most appropriate for non-metal panels/boards. The exact material might dictate your choice of endmill or router bit!

Cutting certain metals, e.g. millable aluminum, may still be possible with a lot of extra work, but a rigid and liquid-cooled CNC mill would be the proper way to go.

Carbon Fiber

Carbon fiber (CF) dust can be harmful if handled improperly. If you intent to route CF parts on the CNC (like plates for quardrocopter parts) please follow the workflow below:

  • Route carbon fiber only in a submerge water path e.g. in a large enough tray (keep enough towels near in case of an 'accident')
    • Afterwards filter the water through a coffee filter or similar
  • Don't vacuum the dust - instead, wipe it away with a moist towel or use some tape to pick it up
  • Only wet sanding
  • Keep the parts that came into contact with the carbon fiber dust in a sealed plastic bag until they are discarded
  • Discard the remains at a local special waste disposal and don't put them in the garbage!

Helpful Links

  • our page on choosing the proper feedrate